Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Grand Theory Written Assignment Essay

A grand theory is a systematic construction for the nature of nursing that has a clear mission and goals for nursing care. There are four categories of schools of thought within the realm of grand theories to include needs theories, interaction theories, outcome theories, and lastly caring/becoming theories. In the following tables I have highlighted a theorist from each school of thought and briefly discussed their educational background, my perception of their definition and philosophy of nursing, and the goal/purpose of their theory. Needs theorist Faye Abdellah Educational Background Faye Abdellah received her nursing education at Fitkin Memorial Hospital School of Nursing, Nepture, N.J. and graduated in 1942. She then went on to study chemistry at Rutgers University prior to receiving her Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Education degrees from the Teacher’s College of Columbia University, N.Y. Retrieved from http://fayeabdellah.blogspot.com/p/backgroud-publications.html Philosophy of nursing According to Meleis, her philosophy of nursing includes the use of problem solving approach to deal with 21 distinct problems related to needs of patients. She described a problem as a condition faced by the patient for which a nurse can assist, overtly and covertly. This is done by preventative care (to include hygiene, safety, exercise, rest, sleep, and body mechanics), sustenal care (psychological), remedial care (oxygen, fluid, nutrition, and elimination), and finally restorative care (coping with the illness and life adjustment). Meleis, A.I. (2012), p. 162-164. Definition of nursing â€Å"Nursing is based on an art and science that moulds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health  needs† as stated by Faye Abdellah in her Twenty-one Nursing Problems theory (1960). Goal/purpose of theory To help the individual or patient meet health needs and adjust to their health problems. Meleis, A.I. (2012), p. 164. Interaction theorist Hildegard Peplau Educational Background Hildegard Peplau graduated from the diploma nursing program Pottstown, PA in 1931 and went on to be a staff nurse. Peplau then was recommended to work as a school nurse at Bennington College located in Vermont. While working there she earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Interpersonal Psychology in 1943. From there she went on to earn her Master’s and Doctoral degrees from Teacher’s College of Columbia University. In addition she became certified in psychoanalysis thru the William Alanson White Institution of New York City. Retrieved from http://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Hildegard-Peplau.php Philosophy of nursing Peplau’s philosophy of nursing focused on harnessing energy psychological disturbances such as anxiety and tension to define understanding with patients and deal with the problem at hand. She felt the goals of nursing included developing patients personalities to make illness an eventful experience. She felt nurses need to develop problem-solving skills via the interpersonal process (educational, therapeutic, and collaborative). Definition of nursing Peplau’s concept and view of nursing is that it is a therapeutic, interpersonal, goal oriented process that is a healing art. It involves recognizing and assisting the patient (individual who is ill or in need of health care) in achieving a common goal. This requires the nurse and patient to build a trusting relationship by way of orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution (the phases of growing an interpersonal relationship). Meleis, A.I. (2012), p. 165-166. She identified the many roles that nurses must take in order to have a meaningful relationship with  patients and that nurses must understand the relationship to provide good care. Goal/purpose of theory The ultimate goal of Peplau’s theory was to understand the principles of interpersonal relationships between the nurse and patient in order to facilitate problem solving skills. This is to be done by using education and positive interactions. She went on to explain the seven nursing roles (stranger, resource, teacher, counselor, surrogate, and technical expert). These roles can be applied in different situations to provide the best care possible and goal attainment. Retrieved from http://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/peplau-theory-of-interpersonal-relations.php Outcomes theorist Callista Roy Educational Background Sister Callista Roy graduated with her first degree; Bachelor of Arts in Nursing from Mount St. Mary’s College in California in 1963. Then in 1966, she went on to obtain her Master’s Degree in Pediatric Nursing from the University of California. In addition she earned a Master’s Degree in Sociology in 1973 and Doctoratal degree in Sociology in 1977. Retrieved from http://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Sister-Callista-Roy.php Philosophy of nursing From what I can see from Roy’s writing’s she believes that the focus of nursing to her is a focus on clients’ stimuli and the effect it has on them for adaptation. Adaption modes include physiologic, self-concept, role function, and interdependence. Goals of nursing include promoting these changes/adaption in the above mentioned areas by way of manipulating the stimuli (focal, residual, and contextual) by way of positive coping. ). Meleis, A.I. (2012), p. 169-172. Definition of nursing Callista Roy is known to believe that nursing is a system of knowledge based on theory that views the client (sick or potentially sick) as a biopsychosocial being. Clients adapt to changes within their environment and as nurses we provide care through the nursing process to help promote  adaption to state of well-being. In order to do this we must ensure that the client have effective coping mechanisms and responses to avoid disruption in the integrity of the client. Goal/purpose of theory The goal and purpose of Roy’s theory is to promote client adaptation by nursing interventions such as facilitation of adaptive tasks via counseling, effective nurse-client communication, health education, active manipulation, support, and by identifying resources for the client. Roy states that by adapting that the patient is then freed for â€Å"him to respond to other stimuli which may be present† The Roy adaptation model: Comment (as sited by Meleis, A.I. (2012), p. 494. Caring/Human Becoming theorist Rosemarie Parse Educational Background Rosemarie Parse initially was educated at Duquesne University of Pittsburgh. She then went on to get her MSN and Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh. Philosophy of nursing The goal of nursing to Parse appears to be co-creating meaning and finding way of being. This is done by not focusing on the illness or problem in itself, but by transforming in new ways deliberately through the human universe process. Nurses are to illuminate meaning, synchronize rhythms and mobilize transcendence by connecting and truly understanding and being present with patients. Decision making is done together with the patient and nurse. Meleis, A.I. (2012), p. 172-174. Definition of nursing Parse’s definition of nursing is that it is a human science and art that uses knowledge to help people. Nurses should not focus on fixing problems, but rather view the patient as a whole living experiences through their environment which help them evolve. She believes that nurses must help guide patients co-create their own health and deal with illness. Goal/purpose of theory The goal or purpose of Parse’s Human Becoming Theory of Nursing is to focus of the quality of life from each separate person’s perspective. It does not focus on bio-medical or bio-psycho-social-spiritual approaches as with most  theories, but instead views the patient as a person and combination of all aspects. Retrieved from http://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Rosemarie-Rizzo-Parse.php I agree with all of the above listed schools of thought and have incorporated each in my own personal nursing care practice. Abdellah thoughts that nursing is centered on problem solving on the needs of patients in order to assist them in restoring health are near and dear to my heart. Depending on the field you work in this can include a multitude of cares. I personally work mainly in obstetrics and medical aesthetics. In the obstetric realm I provide care to help patients have a happy and healthy delivery of a child whereas in my medical spa my goal is help clients improve their aesthetic appearance, thus helping them feel more attractive and confident. Both have a goal, although widely different. This school of thought mostly is incorporated in my obstetric care as I assist patients to understand and incorporate preventative care, sustenal care, remedial care, and obviously restorative care as becoming a parent is a huge adjustment in life. Peplau brought out the importance of building a therapeutic interpersonal relationship with patients in order to facilitate their skills in coping with the problem at hand. Peplau’s interaction school of thought is also very congruent with my nursing philosophy as I feel it is of upmost importance to build a solid trusting interpersonal relationship with patients/clients no matter what area of nursing one is working in. Without doing so, the patient/client will not believe and trust what we are trying to accomplish with them. The event of birthing a child and learning how to care for them is a very personal process where the nurse-client relationship is of upmost importance. Also in aesthetics the client must feel comfortable with me as a nurse in order to trust me in helping them attain their goals. Roy’s theory is seeding in the outcomes school of thought which is also easy to incorporate into nursing care as adaption is required with all processes of life. As nurses we truly do help our clients adapt to their health  status and can assist them to become able to care for themselves independently. In obstetrics parents must adapt to having and caring for a newborn infant. The mother has been thru months of adaption to being pregnant, and now must instantly step into a new role that is often times scary and confusing! As a nurse I am responsible to ensure that they are prepared and adapting to this change prior to discharge. Lastly the caring/human becoming school of thought is probably the most utilized type of grand theory that I personally use. Parse points out that we should not focus on â€Å"fixing† the problem, but concentrate on the whole of the patient including experiences lived and how this has helped them evolve. Basically we must think of the patients’ quality of life, especially from the patients’ point of view. This can be applied in all fields of nursing as we strive to help patients have the quality of life that they want and deserve. In conclusion I’d like to think that as a nurse I practice from a variety of theories to incorporate the best, quality care possible for patients no matter what the purpose of treatment may be. I try to tailor my approaches taking into account their medical history, environment, and family. Nursing is ever changing and so is the patient population. We must as nurses continue to educate ourselves and evolve with time, never becoming stagnant. References Abdellah, F. G., Beland, I. I., Martin, A., & Matheney, R. V. (1960). Patient-centered approaches in nursing. New York: Macmillan. Meleis, A.I. (2012). Theoretical Nursing Development & Progress, Fifth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. http://fayeabdellah.blogspot.com/p/backgroud-publications.html http://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/peplau-theory-of-interpersonal-relations.php http://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Hildegard-Peplau.php http://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Rosemarie-Rizzo-Parse.php http://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Sister-Callista-Roy.php

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Chisti Dargah Essay

In Ajmer city, there is a Dargah Shriff of Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti which is indeed an ornament to this city. A holiest place where not only Muslims but other caste people also visit as it is a place of worship for them. Since Khwaja Saheb came to India, he enjoys great respect and devotion universally and known as a ‘Living Spirit† of Harmony and peace. He considered as a redeemer of human suffering and one of the greatest spirits. He has been a source of moral strength and enlightenment of spirituality. Both Hindu and Muslim are faithful and worshipers of Khwaja Saheb. Not only common man, even many mighty kings of Hindustan (India) have worshiped and submitted their self to this great saint. There are precious buildings and various rich charities dedicated to the Dargah of Khwaja Saheb. These are living memorials given by the people of India in the memory of Khwaja Saheb from 750 years. The Dargah is at extream north of Taragarh Hill and here it has the tomb of the great saint. The tomb is main attraction of the Dargah and considered as sanctum of the Dargah. There are amny other prominent attraction which also catches the eyes of visitors as soon as they visit the Dargah. There are two Buland Darwaza, which were built under the vision of Sultan of Malwa, Sultan Ghyasuddin Khilji. He ruled Malwa from 1469 to 1500 A.D. There is another Buland Darwaza(now uses as main entrance) in the north of the Dargah, it was built by H.E.H. Nisam Usman Ali Khan of Hyderabad Deccan in 1915 A.D. It was built at a cost of Rs. 55,857/-. On the top of this Buland Darwaza, there is the main Naqqar Khana (drum house) containing two pairs of huge naqqars (beating drums). These were gifted by Emperor Akbar after his successful victory in a campaign of Bengal. These naqqars (beating drums) are sounded to the accompaniment of music played on Nafeeries and Shahnias. These are sounded only at certain fixed hours of every day and night of the year only by musicians permanent employees of the Dargah. There are many other attractive buildings, tombs, courtyards and Daalaans in the Dargah, Some of which are excellent examples of the Moghul architecture and were erected during the Moghul period. Akbar (the first Moghul Emperor who visited Dargah) visited the Dargah on foot when Ajmer came under his possession. There is a Akbari Masjid in the Dargah built in 1571 A.d. by  Akbar which is a spacious mosque (140Ãâ€"140) feet. Later It was repaired in 1901 A.D. by Nawab Ghafoor Ali of Danapur. As per given on the Website of Dargah Shrine Dargah Shrief, a place where wishes and desires come true. Devotees from all over the world visit this Dargah to be blessed by Khawaja Baba and to fulfill their desires. More often than not their wishes do come true and the wish fulfillment is usually followed by devotees offering flowers, gilaf (velvet cloth), ittar (non-alcoholic perfume) and sandal wood powder. Besides these offerings they also recite Quran, Nafal Namaz, Milad and Aayat-e-Karima and Khatam Khawajgan. Services provided by Dargah Shrine: * Sufies, Dervash and Aulia Allah started the custom of arranging Langars (free distribution of food for all the makhlooks (mankind) and this is now considered as one of the biggest charity one can offer. We arrange Langar, which includes one deg of biryani that can feed 70 people. Note: This should not be included as part of Zakat money. * We make it possible for you to participate in all the activities of Dargah Sharief. The activities include milad, khatam of Quran, special monthly prayers for members etc. This entails becoming a member of our silsila. * Make transport and lodging arrangement, package trips and also offer services of ourguesthouse for free stay. * Make arrangement for donating a room for people visiting the Dargah Sharief We believe Khawaja Baba’s blessings can cure any disease, business or personal problems. If you have any problem please tell us we will pray to lmighty Allah and he will listen out prayer with the blessing of Khawaja Gharib Nawaz R.A. THE MISSION OF KHAWAJA SAHIB It is a well-known historical fact that in spreading the ethical and spiritual values of Islam, major and effective contributions have been made by the walis of Allah (saints). It was their humanistic disposition and pity, which won over the hearts of lakhs of people. They made a direct contact with the masses, served and loved them, lived with them in the realisation of Eternal Truth. Haji Syed Mohammed Sayeed Chishty * The proof of this is more than evident from the history of growth of Islam in India. Although Islam had penetrated in this subcontinent in the first century of Hijra, but the noble task of inspiring the people to its tenets and values in India was accomplished by Hazrat Khwaja Moinuddin Chishty (R.A.) popularly known as Khwaja Sahib and Khwaja Gharib Nawaz. He did it all through his great moral power, glorious and appealing character, with love and dedication to mankind, without any worldly resources of wealth, power, force and material means. * Khwaja Sahib was a scholar of great repute. He interpreted the true Islamic message of love for mankind and through that, the love for the Almighty creator. He preached the Quranic philosophy of the unity of religion and worked out its potentialities for  the whole humanity. He was the greatest mystic of his time. He laid the foundation of the liberal Chishtia order of sufis in India, and inspired millions of souls to be his followers and thus served the masses of the Indian Sub-continent. Why Ajmer Was Chosen Why Ajmer was only selected to be poineer of Hazrat Khawaja Muinuddin Chishti’s mission in India? This is a very general question which may be asked by some critical readers. A microscopic study of the history of India before Khawaja Saheb’s arrival, and of the period of his stay in Ajmer will answer this question successfully. Dargah shrine have already thrown sufficient light on this point, Shrine trace a brief history of Ajmer and the Khawaja Saheb’s Dargah which attracts millions of people every year to seek spiritual blessings of the great saint. Geographically, Ajmer is situated in the heart of Rajasthan, at one time the citadel of India kingdom, and thus it suited the grand mission of Khawaja Saheb best. Politically, Ajmer the seat of a most powerful kingdom of the last Rajput Emperor of India, Raja Prithviraj Chauhan (1179-1192 A.D.) whose whole life was â€Å"one of unbroken chain of chivalrous deeds and glorious exploits which have won for him eternal fame and a name that will last as long as chivalry itself.† Prithviraj was the son of Someshwara (1170-1179 A.D.) who was the 29th descendant in the lineage of King Vasudeva who flourished as far back as 551 A.D. Vasudeva has descended from Chahuan (the founder of the Rajput clan of Chauhans) whose date is untraceable in the description of Ajmer. As given in Sarga IX of the famous documentary â€Å"Prithviraj Vijaya†, runs as below:- The city was so densely populated and there were so many gardens, tanks and wells that not more than one-tenth of the earth was visible to sun, and water in the wells was only two cubits from the ground surface. Karpurdevi (mother of Prithviraj) under whose regency he was brought up also founded a town†. Describing Ajmer in his â€Å"Picturesque India† (p.77) Mr. Caine, says:- â€Å"It is an ancient, beautiful city full of interest, both historical and architectural; its gay busy bazars and its old houses with carved fronts, some of which are among the finest in India, giving added attractions to its superb situation. A well-built stone wall with give gateways surrounds the city†. Source: – http://www.dargahajmer.com/a_about.htm

Monday, July 29, 2019

Political Issues - The Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Issues - The Congress - Essay Example The member of Congress holds forums with the constituents while at home. The member also likes to appear as if they are one of the constituents. He achieves this through putting on the local attire, talking in a casual manner, and answering the questions in a way that will leave the constituents attracted to him. Moreover, he uses this forum to listen to the grievances of the people on the ground and issues that they would like the member to address once he gets into Capitol Hill. Hill style is significant in fulfilling the election promises. It is the style of which a member represents his district. This can be achieved through voicing a support to projects that are of great significance to the constituents. In addition, a member can request more funds to support stalled projects in the district. Hill style focuses mainly on bringing money back home. In addition, it includes voicing the support of the home people, businesses, and sports team in order to attract investment and increa se the focus on the area. Through the hill style, the constituents are able to fell well represented, an aspect that leads to the reelection of the member. One of the major problems facing the Congress is the increasing number of unemployed people in the country. The economy is growing slowly and people are optimistic that is heading in the right direction. However, ballooning debt is likely to affect the policies that are meant to create more jobs for the young people who are being released from the institutions of higher learning.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY - Essay Example The two lawyer had another had another case challenging the Affordable Care Act, but the rule ruled in favor of the Obama administration with a vote of 5 to 4 vote (Liptak). Clement argue that the Affordable Care Act requires a majority of employers to provide female employees with comprehensive cover for varieties of contraception methods available in the market. However, under the Affordable Health Act, small employers and religious employers are exempted from covering their employees on contraception (U.S Department of Health and Human Services). Moreover, religious affiliated organizations or group do not need provide their workers with contraceptive cover. The plaintiff told the bench that including insurance coverage for contraceptives promotes equality in the health care provision and ensure that women has access to quality birth control methods. Moreover, offering comprehensive contraceptive insurance ensure that women would be able to prepare for their family until when they are ready to have children (Liptak). Liptak, Adam. "Supre Court Hears Cases on Contraception Rule." 25 March 2014. The New York Times. 17 April 2014 . U.S Department of Health and Human Services. 17 April 2014. 18 April 2014

Saturday, July 27, 2019

The Effects of smoking cigarettes Research Paper

The Effects of smoking cigarettes - Research Paper Example Therefore, whatever they do becomes a norm for the fashion conscious lot of the society. Cigarette has lately become a necessary fashion accessory. People visualize it as a symbol of style. There have been cases when models have given photo-shoots regarding the various ways in which cigarettes can be smoked. In addition to looking stylish, many teenagers feel drawn towards cigarettes because smoking makes them feel mature. Teenage is a period when people normally have a desire to look elder and mature for their age. There is enthusiasm about looking grown up and entering into an independent practical life among the teenagers. In order to look mature, many teenagers give the cigarettes a try and then can not retreat from smoking. Smoking is a waste of health, time and money. Smokers should realize how dangerous cigarettes are for their health. This paper discusses some of the ways in which cigarettes cause harm to the smoker. Smoking is a waste of time and money: Smoking is a waste of time and more importantly money. Once an individual starts to smoke, he starts from only one cigarette a day. He thinks that he would not increase the consumption of cigarettes and believes that one cigarette in a day is just too less to cause him any potential loss in the long run. Such misconceptions are further added to by the individual’s smoker peers, colleagues and friends. ... There is no option. Smoke is in the air. Taking this into consideration, the individual approves of smoking one cigarette a day as it helps in the development of a unique bond with the company of smokers. Having smoked, the individual feels better in the company of smokers. Slowly and gradually, that company becomes an important part of the individual’s social life, and the habits of the peers become ingrained in the individual’s personality and psychology. Once the individual gets used to smoking one cigarette a day, there is little guilt over smoking two in the days to follow. This way, the smoker wastes time in smoking with his friends, and also money in buying packs of cigarettes. Cigarettes cause the smoker to take more drugs: Cigarette often stands first in the chain of drugs that people become addicted to in life. The possibility of drug addiction is much more profound in smokers as compared to non-smokers. One of the biggest drawbacks of the habit of smoking is that it saps a smoker’s ability to give importance to health. The smoker becomes so addicted to it that he smokes despite knowing that it is bad for health. Being addicted to smoking, smokers do not realize the gravity of drug addiction, and easily try more potential means of gaining pleasure than cigarette as cigarettes give little to no pleasure or relief to the smokers as compared to other drugs as Heroine. On the other hand, the non-smokers manage to stay away from drugs just like they said â€Å"no† to cigarettes in the first place. Cigarettes disturb the body and its functions: Cigarettes are extremely harmful for health. Smokers have a much higher tendency of acquiring heart and lung related diseases as compared to the non-smokers. Smoking

'The culture of individual professions can present barriers to Essay

'The culture of individual professions can present barriers to interprofessional working.' Discuss with reference to your clinical experience - Essay Example We also had people coming from different professions including social service, general practice, billing and insurance. Each of these areas has a different way of dealing with a patient and sometimes they come into conflict because they have different rules. Interprofessional working brings together these elements to find the common grounds where they can effectively collaborate and become more flexible and skilled towards meeting the patients needs (British Medical Association 2005, par.1). When these factors come together, the team is able to more affectively cross "traditional" roles and find ways to substitute roles within the framework of working together. These are the major challenges to interprofessional working and they create barriers to the patient. A study done by Elston and Holloway (2006, p. 20) showed the potential conflict between three different groups: nurses, managers and general practitioners. When asked what "interprofessional working" meant to each group, they found that GPs and managers were focused on their individual practices while nurses were able to see the relationships between all professions. The study further found that GPs thought they were ultimately responsible for everything in the study and nurse practitioners tended to work as doctors in the primary care setting. Managers saw an overall idea of the group than other practitioners. †¦between the different professions there are different priorities, GPs and nurses tend to focus on different aspects†¦I think it is going to be quite a challenge, but if it works them you could end up with something better, you could end up with a real representative view. (Nurse 2 as cited in Elston and Holloway p. 21). This nurse also pointed out that there would be challenges with understanding the differences between educational backgrounds and the socialisation process that lead to

Friday, July 26, 2019

History of American Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

History of American Government - Essay Example   James Madison became a student of colonial history and political theory in his search for a solution to the political and economic dilemmas which beset the colonies at the time. Madison felt the Articles of Confederation were too weak to serve the needs of the United Colonies. He reasoned that the state autonomy clause, precluded the perpetuation of a strong central government, which Madison felt was necessary to adequately regulate commerce.This inadequacy left the central government with little ability and left the Confederation coffers inadequate to wage war. Meantime, inflation began to engulf the country; a pound of tea could cost as much as $100. Of course this inflation resulted in a contraction of business activity; some small farmers were arrested for bad debts and many farmers were forced to sell their farms to pay their taxes.Madison solicited the assistance of the elder statesman, general George Washington.. Washington initially found a number of reasons to lay suspec t to the idea proposed by Madison, and was reluctant to accept Madison’s offer for assistance. Washington dealt with the issue of credibility; â€Å" what if the new experiment did not work? What light would be cast upon his reputation? After a considerable amount of soul searching, Washington wrote to Madison. â€Å"Wisdom and good examples are necessary at this time to rescue the political machine from the impending storm†. (Madison)George Washington understood that Madison envisioned a strong central government to provide order and stability.... pay their taxes. Madison solicited the assistance of the elder statesman, general George Washington.. Washington initially found a number of reasons to lay suspect to the idea proposed by Madison, and was reluctant to accept Madison's offer for assistance. Washington dealt with the issue of credibility; " what if the new experiment did not work What light would be cast upon his reputation After a considerable amount of soul searching, Washington wrote to Madison. "Wisdom and good examples are necessary at this time to rescue the political machine from the impending storm". (Madison) George Washington understood that Madison envisioned a strong central government to provide order and stability. Madison responded to Washington with; "let it be tried then whether any middle ground can be taken which will once support a due supremacy of the national authority, and providing state power only when subordinately useful" This was a mighty issue, one which would generate much debate. It became so fervent until the labels of federalist (those who supported a strong central government and anti-federalist (opposed to watering down of state sovereignty), created substantial followings. James Madison and John Tyler served together in the Virginia General Assembly. They devised a plan for a states convention to be held in Annapolis, Maryland3 in September 1786. At this convention the two men proposed that macro commerce be controlled and regulated by the Continental Congress. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton issued a report of the Annapolis meeting. The meeting

Thursday, July 25, 2019

See below Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

See below - Coursework Example The case involves a limited company, formed by three people, and an employee to Heather. The company sends Heather to a computer show and while driving to the show market the company’s products, she negligently causes an accident and injures a pedestrian, Singer. Singer has sued the company, its owners, and Heather for damages. The issue for determination is whether a limited liability company is liable torts committed by its members of employees. A limited liability company is liable for any harm caused by its owners, employees or agents, while in the course of duty, but are not liable for torts such as negligence to which tortfeasors are personally liable. Heather is therefore liable to Singer (Cheeseman 662). Melony is one of the four members of iNet.com, a limited liability company. The members develop a product and agree to purchase a plant for the production in six months time. Melony however sells the idea to a competitor and this leads to a $ 100 million loss to the company. The issue for determination is whether Melony is liable to iNet.com for the losses and morality in Melony’s act. Rules of Limited Liability Company establishes a duty of care among all members of a member-managed company. The case identifies member-management and Melony is liable to the company for her actions into the loss. Melony’s action is also unethical because it leads to financial loss to her co-members (Cheeseman 664-

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Types of birth control for women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Types of birth control for women - Essay Example The choice that most women make depends on their health, how frequent she copulates and whether she whether she wants children. Lifestyle plays a big part in the choice of birth control methods. On the contrary, contraceptives vary in their effectiveness to prevent birth control to women. Possible side effects play a crucial part in how women choose their birth control methods. The types of birth control methods are abstinence, natural methods and methods that prevent unwanted pregnancies.Women can decide to abstain from sexual activities as a method of birth control. It is the best method for women who want to control unwanted pregnancies and protect themselves from STI. On the other hand, natural method helps women in birth control to prevent the pregnancies by copulating during their safe days. Safe days are the days during their menstrual cycle when they can copulate without getting pregnant. Women who use this method have to be certain of the menstrual cycle. The method is commo n for women who are in a stable relationship but do not want to have a baby. The method prevents birth control but does not stop the women from being infected with sexually transmitted diseases.Women are administered with injections that prevent their bodies from releasing eggs into the ovaries. Women also attach a patch on their body that boosts hormones into the bodies of women to regulate the release of eggs in the ovary. Other methods of the same kind include vaginal ring and birth controls pills.â€Æ'

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Western civilization paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Western civilization paper - Essay Example While some causes for doubt were natural processes quite beyond the scope or prevention of the church of the times, such as in the case of the Black Death and subsequent plagues that periodically decimated the European population, others were undoubtedly the result of greed and bids for power, such as could be seen in the Western Schism. Finally, social changes ranged far out of the control of the church through a variety of factors. A growth in the population leading up to the reformation, coupled with significant changes in economic structures as agrarian workers moved to towns and villages began to produce a more literary public. This was encouraged by the invention of the printing press that made the production of books faster and more economical and thus making them more accessible to a wider audience. This, in turn, promoted the spread of Humanitarian ideas throughout the general public following a period of church failures. Thus, while it can be argued that Martin Luther was t he biggest catalyst for change, he was heavily assisted by a variety of factors that came together at just the right time and place for his words to have maximum impact. The most recognized figure of the Protestant Reformation is that of Martin Luther (1483-1546), although this was not necessarily what the humble monk envisioned when he posted his 95 theses in 1517. His early life was spent in preparation for a career in law, but his adolescence gave him a jolt of divine inspiration when he was struck by a bolt of lightening and he turned to a life of serving God. Reports indicate he was a very devout monk, pious and humble, devoted to discovering God. This is revealed in his letters as he addresses the Archbishop regarding his concerns over the sale of indulgencies. Despite his strong feelings on the matter, he still addresses the Archibishop with excessive-seeming humility: â€Å"Spare me, More Reverend Father in Christ and Most Illustrious Prince, that I,

Monday, July 22, 2019

Trifles Case Essay Example for Free

Trifles Case Essay Having to play a certain character’s role in any story or play we should know how to act and especially how to put ourselves in the situation where the character we play is into. We should know how to put ourselves in the position of the character we are playing. We can only play a great role for our character if only we will be able to picture out what is happening in our character and if we can only know what the character is suffering, feeling and all about the character we are playing. Also, a great factor for us to have a great performance in playing a certain character’s role is a great motivation towards the play. As an actor or actress we should be able to know how to motivate ourselves in different situations that the character is undergoing. We should have a great background of the character itself and the situations that the character will be encountering along the play. Different actors and actresses have different ways of motivating their selves depending upon the situation that their character is facing. They motivate their selves depending upon the feelings of the character they are playing. If the character they are playing needs to happy then they should be happily motivated in order to perform well and on the other hand if the character they are playing needs to be sad then they should be sad. Also they should know what struggles their character is facing and they should reflect this to the play by their acting ability. As to the play â€Å"TRIFLES†, the character of Mr. Hale is being played as he was being investigated or interrogated at the start of the play (Maillakais). As a character being interrogated then the one who plays his role must know how to act as a person under interrogation. Being under an interrogation then you should know how does it feel to be interrogated and how to act as one. Being under interrogation then you should know how to answer all the questions being asked by the one who investigates you. Also, you should know how to react as a person being interrogated. You should know how to show people the way you are being nervous under interrogation and how you manage to tell the interrogator what you know about the crime. On the other hand, the Sheriff, Henry Peters, have been motivated as a character that knows how to interrogate a certain suspect or any witnesses relevant to the crime (Maillakais). With regards to the character being played by the actor we can see that the Sheriff really wants to solve the crime and being the Sheriff in the place he shows that he should be respected by the people of the place and so he must be the one assigned and reliable to solve the crime. He as the one interrogating all the possible people who could be relevant to the crime and at the same time he was the one in charge to ensure that the place should be clear and in order as it was before and after the crime had happened. But let us evaluate the two of the more important characters in the play, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters. Mrs. Hale is the wife of Mr. Henry Hale (Maillakais). She was the one who goes with Mrs. Peters upstairs to get something for Mrs. Wright. As they were upstairs they were talking about the battle of sexes. They also talk about how such crime had happened. Her instincts of being both a wife and as a lady have brought them to a more serious talk about the crime that had happened. Being a role player to such character the actress should be motivated as she knows how it feels to be a wife and hoe does it feel as a lady and how to act as both personas. Being a lady, the actress who plays the role of Mrs. Hale must be someone who have a great knowledge regarding the attitude of a woman and how they look forward to their duties as a woman. The actress should be motivated in a way that she knows how to value her role as woman and as a lady and on the other hand she knows her role as a citizen. Based from the characteristics of Mrs. Hale in the play, the actress should adapt her quality as being a woman who is strict in her gender and knows how to value herself. Mrs. Hale is a woman who has a very strong personality so the actress should motivate herself as being a woman who has a strong personality. Being an actress who will play the role of Mrs. Hale it should be clear to the actress that she has to be at the position of Mrs. Hale. She should know what Mrs. Hale feels as a woman regarding the topic about the idea of the crime which the suspect is a lady. The actress can use some self-made programs like thinking that the situation had happened in her real life before or maybe thinking the same situation that may be close to what had happened in the play. Being able to do such action can help the actress play the role of Mrs. Hale in a more prolific manner and still makes it easier for her to act. As an actress she had to device such plans or ideas where she can easily put herself in the position of the character she has to play. An example of such idea is what actresses usually do to make it easier for them to portray such roles. Actresses rehearse their selves as if they have personally suffered the same situations that the character had gone. They internalize the scene and try their best to put their selves in the mood of the character. As to Mrs. Peters, her characteristics as a character in the play are almost the same as to Mrs. Hale (Maillakais). She is a woman who has a very respect with regards to the dignity and role of a woman in the society they live. She thinks that women have different roles compared to men and that men do not have the right to do what a woman is doing because there are things that only women can do. She is also very bias and very protective when it comes to women’s rights. As to what the writer wants it to be, she have shown in the play the inequality of sexes and with regards to this idea only actresses who have the same point of view as the writer can portray a good acting to the characters in the play. In order to portray Mrs. Peters’ character the actress should motivate herself as a woman who seeks an unbalance treatment between men and women in the society. She has to be a feminist who wants women to be above men in different aspects. She must show in the play that she wants changes that will be an advantage to women. The actress must be very-well motivated to play a character that has a bias opinion upon the battle of sexes. The actress should also think the same as the how Mrs. Peters thinks. The actress should also be a feminist who will protect her fellow women even if it means to trick even your own husband. In the end of the story, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters have found out what had really happened through the clues they find in the house of the Wrights. They have found several clues such as the dead bird and preserved fruits that may lead to their conclusion. That clues may be enough to tell them what had really happened and what brought them to these clues are their instincts of being women. The story shows that no man can ever figure out what had really happened because men do not have the ability to read what is in women’s mind. At the beginning of the story, the two ladies did not judge Mrs. Wright as how the men in the story think. They used casual talking with a bit of curiosity of what the things around them symbolize; while the men looked for clues to prove the guilt of Mrs. Wright for murdering her husband. And also the men in the play overlooked what they call small things such as knotting, worrying over preserved fruits, and household keeping. As what the story implies, the actor or actress that should portray a certain role must understand well how the character requires (Answers.com). They must show how the view of men regarding the case differs from the view of the women. The men should act as if they make conclusion hastily without understanding why the thing happened, while the women should act as if they were depending on feelings and instinct (Talley). Citations: Talley, Chinyelu. â€Å"Facts and Reason Matters.† Making Judgments: the Women vs the Men. 8 June, 1999. http://vccslitonline.vccs.edu/Trifles/women-men.htm Maillakais, Mikes. â€Å"A Woman’s Place: Literary Background for Glaspell’s Trifles†. 30 July, 1996. http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/glaspell.htm#Literary%20Background Answers.com. â€Å"trifles†. 2007. http://www.ans

Legal and regulatory environment that influenced the Internet Essay Example for Free

Legal and regulatory environment that influenced the Internet Essay The internet is a dynamic field which is a product of several influences, which at times are contradictory. The constitutions of several countries were created before the advent of the internet, the need to create and amend laws and regulations governing the internet have influenced the internet. However, two major issues that have been of legal and regulatory contention are privacy and security; this is because privacy seems to be conversely related with security. The internet has made it possible for detailed personal information to be easily availed and shared, this has however infringed on the personal rights of privacy, according to Frackman, et al. (2002), several acts such as Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act have influenced immensely the internet since firms have to comply with the provisions of the Acts on all the personal information they collect ,and the personal information availed as content in the internet, since availing much information infringes of personal rights . However the issues of electronic commerce, cyber crime, network and state security, intellectual property rights, consumer rights and exchange of credit information have called for sharing of more information on the internet. Laws and regulations, such as Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010, have called for extensive sharing of personal information on the internet, due to security concerns which in essence contradicts the objective of privacy. The privacy and security legal and regulatory environment have therefore greatly influenced the Internet. Explain how Dell initially used software and the Internet to increase sales and yield cost savings Dell is an international company offering computing services and products. Facing increasing costs in product distribution, the company founded the Integrated Dell Desktop (IDD); this offers simple desktop functionality to sales representatives, who are connected together via the internet. The system offers the clients the possibility of ordering bespoke systems directly from hence eliminating the middle men, therefore saving costs; this has been made possible by the company’s website dell. com and call centres. Dell was able to increase sales due to increased customer satisfaction, as a result of customers having the product of their selection. IDD also saved costs for dell, and improved profit for the company as well as offering competitive strategic advantage since the sales personnel were empowered to get any relevant information , since all the back end systems were integrated. In addition, the company was also to save on personnel costs, costs on offering training to the sales representatives were reduced as well as customers being able to get all the relevant information concerning the products from the website. Moreover, storage costs were reduced since the machines were produced depending on the customers’ customization and shipped to customer. IDD and the internet have therefore contributed to reducing costs and increasing sales at Dell.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Monopoly Economics Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Monopoly Economics Essay Markets are the heart and soul of a capitalist or free market economy which is based on the notion of competition. Varying degrees of competition ultimately lead to different market structures with different outcomes to the market. The main market structures are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly, each with a different outcome to the market which leads economists to consider some market structures to be more desirable for the society such as perfect competition while others are less desirable such as Monopoly. It is often argued that monopoly restricts competition through entry barriers and therefore should be forbidden. This is supported by a strong case against monopoly as it restricts consumer choice and prevents small innovative businesses from being established. In addition, a monopoly will produce at a lower output and charge higher prices than a competitive market, with the same cost structure. This leads to a loss of economic welfare and efficiency. However, if monopolies are always assumed bad then questions of why firms seek to be monopolies and why governments accept or tolerate monopolistic firms will rise. In theory monopoly is a market with only one seller that dominates and sets price and quantity of the good. The markets demand curve is the firms demand curve and it is assumed that there are no substitutes and thus a firm is a price-maker that is motivated by profit maximisation and is supported by restrictive barriers to entry of the market that subsequently prevents competition. In reality it is hard to find a market in which some form of substitute firm or product does not exist. Therefore, the Competition Commission in the UK defines a market as a monopoly if there is a firm possessing over a 25% market share and facing no significant competition. In order to evaluate monopoly and to determine whether it should be allowed or not, it is vital to understand the characteristics of monopoly and to apply various efficiency concepts such as productive efficiency, allocative efficiency and X-efficiency to both extremes of the market structure, perfect competition and monopoly, to understand their effect on both consumer and producer surplus in the form of households and firms which consequently affect the general economic welfare. 2.0 Characteristics of Monopoly There are various characteristics of monopoly but it is mainly distinguished from other market structures by its barriers to entry. These barriers are a variety of obstacles or boundaries that prevent other firms from breaking into the monopolistic firms market, thus allowing the monopolistic firm to maintain its monopoly and therefore continue to earn supernormal profits. Sloman (2010) suggests that barriers to the entry of new firms are a must for an existing firm to maintain its monopoly position. There are a number of entry barriers that would exist in a market in different forms such as economies of scale, economies of scope, legal patents, licences, product differentiation and high start-up costs. Economies of scale are considered as one major barrier, this occurs when a reduction in unit costs depends on the output size. In such case, a large firm is most efficient and new firms cannot afford to enter the market and gain market shares. The industry may not be able to accommodate more than one producer which is known as natural monopoly. This is the case with public utilities such as water, gas, electricity where these firms have economies of scale to prevent new firms from entering the market. Economies of scope is another barrier as firms who produce a range of products are likely to achieve lower average costs of production and undercut prices to drive new firms out of the market. Proctor Gamble enjoys economies of scope as it produces hundreds of products but could afford to hire expensive skilled workers and experts who can use their skills across the product line and therefore spread the costs and lower the average total cost for each product. (Alesina and Spolaore, 2005) Patents and licences are also considered main entry barriers. The US Patent and Trademark office issues patents for 20 years period, in accordance with the 1995 GATT agreement. (USPTO, 1995) These patents give an inventor the exclusive right to produce a product for a 20 years period such as the case of the pharmaceutical giant, Pfizer, which has a patent on Viagra until 2014. (Stevens, 2007) Likewise, licences are granted by governments which allow one or a few firms to operate in a specific market under government regulations and control. Product differentiation and brand loyalty where a firm produces a differentiated product and the consumer associates that product with the brand. An example of product differentiation would be the car industry, where different firms would produce substitutes but they are not considered as perfect substitutes as required in perfect competition, so each firm would have some form of monopoly power in its product category. This is clearly evident in the luxury sport cars market such as Ferrari, Porsche and Lotus. Other forms of entry barriers may include high start-up costs for new firms in comparison with an established monopoly firm which is likely to have gained enough experience and efficiency techniques to be able to reduce costs and hence prices for any potential new firms to be able to compete. Based on the characteristics of monopoly, it is important to evaluate its economic efficiency and therefore its effect on consumer surplus and social welfare in general. In the next section, we compare the economic efficiency of both extremes of the market structure. 3.0 Economic efficiency In economic terms, monopoly and perfect competition should be judged on the extent to which they contribute to improving the human wellbeing and social welfare, therefore, it is important to assess whether the market structure is efficient or inefficient. Nellis and Parker (2006) point out that the success or failure of firms is directly affected by the extent to which they are managed efficiently. The lower the cost per unit of output, without reducing the quality of the product, the higher the economic efficiency of a firm. This is evident in a competitive market where firms strive to be economically efficient in order to survive. However, this is not the case in a monopoly which is generally considered as an inefficient market structure. This can be clarified by the following analysis of various economic terms of efficiency. 3.1 Allocative efficiency Assuming an initial distribution of income and wealth, allocative efficiency occurs at the point when it is impossible to improve overall economic welfare by reallocating resources between markets. For the whole economy to be allocatively efficient, price must equal marginal cost in every market. However, it is unlikely that a monopoly seeking profit maximisation would be allocatively efficient. A monopoly tends to restrict output below the market equilibrium to force up the prices. PRC MC AC Welfare loss MR AR=Industry demand=MU Q2 Q1 Output Figure 1 Allocative inefficiency and welfare loss Figure 1 demonstrates how a monopoly is allocatively inefficient. While a perfectly competitive market would have an output Q1 where the price P is equal to both MC and MU based on demand curve so all units produced add more to welfare (MU) than the resources they cost to make (MC). A monopolist is in equilibrium with an output Q2 where MC=MR, which means some units that would have been benefited society are no longer produced and thus an overall welfare loss. 3.2 Productive efficiency This can only be achieved if a firm uses the available techniques and factors of production at the lowest possible cost per unit of output. Lipsey (1992) states that in the context of an industry, the interpretation of productive efficiency is that firms are operating so that costs are minimized. In monopoly, in contrast to perfect competition, there are no competitive forces that would make a firm hold costs down to a minimum. PRC MC AC C2 C1 MR AR Q2 Q1 Output Figure 2 Productive efficiency Figure 2 illustrates the productively efficient output Q1 which is the minimum point of the AC curve where unit cost is C1, where the least amount of scarce resources possible are being used per unit of output. However, a monopolist will produce the profit maximising output Q2 with higher costs C2 per unit which can be passed to the consumer, hence demonstrating productive inefficiency. X-efficiency The concept of x-efficiency requires that the lowest possible prices are paid for inputs or factors of production. However, there is less incentive for a monopoly to make full use of the available technology, mainly due to lack of competition. Monopolies are more likely to be technically and productively inefficient, incurring unnecessary production costs and wasted resources. A firm could be employing too many workers or investing in machines that are never used, deeming it technically inefficient. It could be paying its workers unnecessary high wages or buying capital or raw material at unnecessary high prices. This means that the monopolists LRAC is above that which would be technically possible, therefore resources are wasted. Costs LRAC monopoly LRAC possible = X-inefficiency Output Figure 3 X-efficiency gap The x-inefficiency gap, as shown in figure 3, is considered as unnecessary production costs that a firm can reduce. In a perfectly competitive market, a firm must eliminate any form of x-inefficiency in order to survive and make normal profits. However, this is not the case with monopoly, which are able to survive while incurring unnecessary production costs and making satisfactory rather than maximum profits. The evaluation of economic efficiency of a monopoly compared to perfect competition has highlighted a number of disadvantages to support economists case against monopolistic firms. 4.0 Disadvantages of Monopoly In general, a monopolistic market structure would produce less output and charge higher prices which leads to a decline in consumer surplus and a deadweight welfare loss. The higher prices would lead to allocative inefficiency and supernormal profits, leading to reduced benefits to consumers and unequal distribution of income. This also raises a question about equity. The higher prices would exploit low income consumers and their purchasing power might be transferred to shareholders in the form of dividends leading again to unequal distribution of income. A monopoly tends to be less motivated towards economic efficiency such as cutting costs or increasing productivity. There is also a possibility that a monopoly would experience diseconomies of scale as the higher it gets bigger, their average costs increase. Further more, the lack of competition could discourage a monopoly from investing in research and development, leading to lack of innovation and worse products. However, with all the evidence against monopoly, there are still the questions of why do monopolies still exist, why firms seek to be monopolies and why do governments seem to tolerate them? 5.0 Advantages of monopoly On economic terms, perfect competition is generally regarded as more desirable than monopoly. However, monopolies are not necessarily bad, considering they are as highly motivated and public-spirited as competitive industries. Economic theory assumes that everyone is motivated by self-interest; this applies to competitive markets as well as to monopolies. Firms in competitive markets would aspire to be a monopoly by eliminating competition but this is unlikely achieved due to market forces and the absence of barriers to entry and exit. The fact that monopolies make supernormal profits allows them to invest in research and development and allows them to fund high cost investment spending into new technology. This is likely to result, if successful, in improved products and lower costs on the long run. An innovative monopoly could therefore be considered dynamically efficient over a long term as it reaps the reward of investment in research and development. Microsoft did not start as a monopoly but the introduction of Windows version 3.0 in 1990 followed by various Microsoft Office applications provided the market power to become a monopoly. Its position as a monopoly was further cemented by the continuous investment in research and development. It is generally argued that monopoly in high technology sectors is good as it provides firms with a greater incentive to invest in research and development. Patents for new ideas are normally acceptable as it encourages firms to fund the initial research and development and it allows these firms to recoup their investment. Another advantage of monopoly is economies of scale. An increased output would lead to a decrease in average costs of production, which can be passed to consumers in the form of lower prices. Likewise, cutting prices would be an advantage for a monopoly as it would increase sales and maximise economies of scale. PRC S (Perf comp) =â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã‚ C Ppc Pm LRMC (monopoly) D industry Qpc Qm MR (monopoly) Figure 4 Market equilibrium under monopoly Figure 4 shows the market equilibrium in perfect competition at output Qpc and supply = demand. A monopoly would generate economies of scale on the long run and drive down marginal costs to LRMC. A monopoly would therefore be able produce a profit maximising output Qm at a price Pm which is lower than perfect competition. Profits and consumer surplus are higher under monopoly and both consumer and producer would benefit. Kerr and Gaisford (2008) highlight the impact of international trade on domestic trade and the need for a domestic monopoly capable of generating the economies of scale required to compete in the international market. BT is a good example of domestic monopoly in the 1980s that had to invest in systems and technology to be able to compete in the international market. Also, the threat of international imports would force a domestic monopoly to set marginal revenue equal to marginal cost and reducing its prices, which is a boost to consumer surplus and social welfare. 6. 0 Conclusion Despite the fact that monopoly produces less output at higher prices and the negative implications on consumer surplus and social welfare, nevertheless, the existence of monopolies are inevitable as long as firms seek profit maximisation as well as increased market share and ultimately market dominance. In a free market economy, the chances of supernormal profits will eventually encourage other firms to attempt to break into a monopolistic market. The threat of competition or even a financial threat of a takeover will force a monopoly to become highly economic efficient. The American economist William Baumol argues in his theory of contestable markets that a monopoly may be forced over time to make the same production and pricing decisions as a competitive market would, merely due to the possibility of future competition. (Griffiths and Ison, 2001) From the above analysis, it is easy to conclude that perfect competition is productively more efficient than monopoly. However, if we take into account the substantial economies of scale that a monopoly would have, then it is more likely that a monopoly is more productively efficient than competition. In some cases, such as a natural monopoly, it is more acceptable to have just one firm as a monopoly provided that its price and productivity are regulated. Von Mises (1966) concludes that the mere existence of monopoly does not mean anything. The publisher of a copyright book is a monopolist, but he may not be able to sell a single copy, no matter how low the price he asks. Not every price at which a monopolist sells a monopolized commodity is a monop ­oly price. Monopoly prices are only prices at which it is more advantageous for the monopolist to restrict the total amount to be sold than to expand sales to the limit which a competitive market would allow. Although monopoly is not desirable as it restricts competition and causes a reduction in consumer surplus and social welfare, it is however inevitable in a real business market that a firm would often take advantage of its strong market position to control the supply of goods or services. Monopolies are not illegal but their abuse of market power to limit competition is illegal and therefore actions by governments to regulate the market would be required. Finally, all firms are concerned with determining the price level that would give them sufficient profit while maintaining the consumers attraction and demand. This should work in the benefit of consumers and the society if regulations are in place for governments to intervene when a firm abuses its monopoly power to the detriment of consumers.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Communication Technologies in Canada Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resea

Communication Technologies in Canada Canada is also very unique in the global economy in light of their communication technologies. Canada is a unique country because it allows two main companies control its communication industry. The two big players in the game are Rogers, who control eastern Canada, and Shaw, who control western Canada. Rogers Communication started with a vision that "radio is an electric pipeline" by Edward S. Rogers, Sr. In 1925 Mr. Rogers, Sr. invented the world's first alternating "current (AC) radio tube."1 The radio tube was a huge break through in communication technology and in radio reception, and as a result of the invention; radios became common medium of communication. Edward's son, Ted Rogers has now created a new current of communication. Ted Rogers has a "number of ventures in broadcasting, cable television and communication"2 Ted also took communication to a new level by building a number of cable television systems in the United States. So Rogers not only control a large part of the Canadian communication sector but now has moved to the States as well. And "in March 1989, Rogers Communication completed the sale of its U.S cable television interests for CDN $1.581 billion."3 Rogers have started to make a huge number of profits outside of Canada while still keeping the company with a Canadian prospective. Within Canada right now, Rogers has taken communication technology to a whole different era by providing its customers more than one services. Rogers now provide services such as "Cellular, Digital PCs, Paging, and data communication, and Cable television, high-speed internet access and also video retailing, and radio and television broadcasting, tele-shopping, publishing and new... ...lted on April 08, 2003 6 Community Support 7 Rogers. "Radio Stations". Online at : , Consulted on April 08, 2003. 8 Friday October 11, 2002 CCIT Lecture 9 Rogers. "Magazines". Online at: , Consulted on April 08, 2003. 10 Shaw. "Looking Back". Online at : , Consulted on April 08, 2003. 11 Shaw. "Looking Back". Online at : , Consulted on April 08, 2003. 12 Shaw. "Looking Back between 1993-2003". Online at: , Consulted on April 09, 2003. 13 Looking Back between 1993-2003 14 Looking Back between 1993-2003 15 Looking Back between 1993-2003 16 Looking Back between 1993-2003

Friday, July 19, 2019

How To Make Tobacco Bongs :: essays research papers

How To Make Tobacco Bongs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A tobacco bong is another way for someone to smoke tobacco instead of just rolling a cigarette you can just stuff the tobacco in a bowl and smoke it. It is much quicker and easier to do than rolling it in papers. There are many types of tobacco bongs but I'm only going to explain how to make two different types because I dont have enough time to explain how to make all of them. That would take forever. The first type im going to explain how to make is a gravity bong. The other type is a water bong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A gravity bong is probably one of the easiest and cheapest ones to make. All you have to have is a 2-liter bottle, 5 gallon bucket filled with water, alluminum foil, a sharp knife, tobacco, and a lighter. The first thing you do is take the lid off of the 2-liter bottle and then cut the bottom off with the sharp kinife. Then put the alluminum foil over the top of it and push it down inside of it a little to make a little bowl for the tobacco. Poke about six or seven little holes in the aluminum foil. And that is how you make the gravity bong. To use it all you have to do is put the 2-liter bottle in the water and push it all the way down, but dont push it to far down just push it to where the water is almost up to the aluminum foil and then put the tobacco in it and hold the lighter close to the tobacco and pull up on the bottle. The suction pulls the smoke inside the bottle and when you get the bottle almost out of the water, pull the aluminum foil off and put you r mouth over the hole and push the bottle back into the water. The pushes the smoke down your throat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A honey bear bong is pretty easy to make also. All you have to have is an empty honey bear bottle, a bowl, which costs about a dollar at any smoke shop, 1 foot of 3/4 inch rubber hose, tobacco and a lighter. First you need to be sure most of the honey is out of the bottle but leave about a half inch of it in the bottom. Then you get the

Black and White Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

The Black and White Friendship in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn To turn Jim in, or not to turn Jim in, that is the question that Huck is faced with in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. Whether it is nobler to protect a friend or to give in to the demands of society by ending a friendship. This novel portrays a period in American history where most Southern whites considered blacks as a piece of property. Huck, a white Southern boy, and Jim, a run-away slave, had a friendship that was inappropriate in society. During their adventurous journey, Huck would have to confront the consequences of protecting a run-away slave, if he decided to give Jim protection. Throughout this novel the relationship between Huck and Jim differs in and out of society because of Huck's feelings towards Jim. These two adventurers had planned to leave the Mississippi and go North, but missed their chance. The river took them farther and farther South. If Jim was caught, he would be in big trouble. If Huck didn't turn Jim in, he would also be in big trouble. Huck found himself battling with his conscience, when he realized how close Jim was to his freedom, "...I begun to get it through my head that he was most free-and who was to blame for it? Why, me. I couldn't get that out of my conscience, no how nor no way." (pg.85) Turning Jim in would be difficult, since he was a benevolent and amiable man. It was not righteous that he should be hurt, but if Huck helped Jim run away, he would have to turn his back on his own people. He would be saying slavery, and everyone who believed in it, was wrong. Huck came to the decision to tell someone about Jim that will force him back into slavery. Soon enough they encountered two white men on a skiff. During this incident Huck perceived that his feelings to protect Jim were stronger than his feelings to turn him in. He lied when the men asked if Jim was white or black. Each time they encountered other people who might turn Jim in, Huck was prepared to reveal another untrue story.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Book Report -the Notebook by Nicolas Sparks Essay

Summary The Notebook begins with a man in a nursing home, reading a story to a woman. The story is about two young lovers, Allie Hamilton and Noah, who meet one day at a carnival. Although the two are falling in love, Allie’s parents don’t allow the relationship between the two young lovers and decide to move Allie away from Noah and the town. They moved to New York, but Allie never gave up on Noah and always kept her faith to one day their love would have a way to come back, but after waiting for any sign (such as letters) from Noah from years, Allie meets Lon and becomes engaged. However, Allie still has feelings for Noah. Despite her commitment for Lon, Allie decides to visit Noah to see how he’s doing after seeing his picture in the newspaper in front of a house he said he was going to restore (and did). It soon becomes apparent that they still have feelings for each other. Allie spend wonderful days with Noah, but suddenly her mother Anne Hamilton surprises her finding her in Noah’s house. Allies mother confess her that she kept and hide from her the letters that Noah had been sending to her years ago. Allie now has to choose between Lon, the man she had already scheduled to marry, and Noah, the man who she wants. Allie picks Noah, her one true love, and dumps Lon. Noah and Allie end up having a happy life and die together peacefully in the nursing home, side by side. Characters Major Characters * Noah: The narrator of the book and the main character, Noah is a good and kind man who fell in love with Allie fourteen years before the novel opens. He has never forgotten her and is overwhelmed with how much he still loves her when she returns to tell him she is engaged. * Allison Hamilton: A young woman who comes from a privileged family, she spends a wonderful summer with Noah when they are young, but is forced to leave when her parents disapprove. She meets Lon and becomes engaged to him, but something in her makes her return to Noah to be sure she is not making a mistake. * Lon: He is Allie’s fiancà ©, who fights for her in the end, but is too late. He has allowed his career to disrupt any hope he may have had to win her for himself. Minor Characters * Gus: He is the black man who lives down the road from the house Noah has restored. He becomes Noah’s only family until Allie returns. * Anne Hamilton: She is Allie’s mother and had so disapproved of her being with Noah that she had never delivered his letters to her daughter. She finally gives Allie the letters, when she leaves, she whispers to Allie that she should follow her heart. Plot Love conquers all really, no matter how many times the old man (Noah) has to read the book to the old lad, he will. Hoping that one day she’ll remember him, she was his sweetheart and he would not leave her, for as long as she was there he would stay as well. Climax Noah and Ally die together in the same bed. They are old (she has Alzheimer) and in a nursing home. Noah is still telling the story of when they are young and how they finally ended up together. Ally suddenly remembers and recognized Noah, the she chose and that she is the girl from the story that he has been telling her the whole time.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Cmlit Essay

Vans vitality is described as most simple and ordinary and w herefore most terrible (Tolstoy 42). So what would pass away when death befalls him? What would be with his material pursuits in animation? Rather, what would be without a uncanny pursuit in life? As death loomed larger, Vans focus in life changed. He started to realize the flaws in his fashion of life. As time passed, he went from a creation of self-c at one timern to nonp atomic number 18il of a spiritual concern. This concern eventually brought him to be gladdened by his death. Death is a great deal said to be a domain.Many stack fear it, merely in reality it is not a bad thing. When one examines the lifestyle, one realizes that man is placed on this earth for a relatively light period of time, n relation to the being of the world thus far and its project existence. It would not be correct to aver that one is looking forward to death, but as mortal creatures, we must canvas death and be prepared for it, whether it be our own death, or the death of a relative or friend. One whitethorn go further to suggest that fear of death is a social construct. It may also be real hooklike on on?s spectral beliefs.I find it quite ironic that human are so fixated on life which for umpteen of us is a daylight to day struggle to survive payroll check to paycheck. When I was younger, I had a harsh lesson in death which taught me the convey of life. Almost eleven years ago, my grandm otherwise, who was very close with, passed away. She was very special to me because she lived very close to me and we saying each other at least twice a week. Most of my life she had lived about an min away and only saw her once every few months, but during the stick up two years of her life, she lived five proceeding away.She was a grand fret figure because she did anything for her children and grandchildren and hosted many family gatherings. About a year and a half in the first place she passed away, she was diagnosed with Pancreatic Cancer. As a nouns child, I wasnt told about this immediately. I find being on a look at from New York, certify to broad Island, when my render told me. It was a sunny day, which all at once turned dark and gloomy later I heard this horrific news. I was sitting across from my mother as she told me. I remember asking she provide be gone? . It didnt sink in immediately because I wasnt ready to sham it. Remember thinking that she is still here so maybe she wont die. What was even more than striking was once I saw her later heard about this, secret code seem to have changed. She was still my grandmother, and playacting like it also. I didnt get muddled in my emotions because life was the same. Cancer is an camouflaged malady. She looked the same last week, why curtly is she dying? I didnt fully abide it until the nighttime when she passed away.The doctors were unable to treat her and she had dogged to live out her remaining days surround ed by family, in her home. power saw as she moved from a realm of consciousness to a state of unconsciousness. The concomitant in the family turned to one of distressfulness and sadness. They knew what was coming. Went into the den around eight oclock on a Friday night. I sat humble on the couch and couldnt old back my emotions. I had seen my grandmother a narrow before in the bedroom all over and she was peacefully laying there. I remember wondering if she was aware of what was going on.My mother came in and sat down following to me. My mother was upset since this was her mother, but as an adult she understood the outcome months ago and had accepted it. Reality sank in for me that Friday night. Was destroyed. I realized that she had a matter Of hours left. She had make so much for our family and felt that I could have never treated her as well as she treated me. My mother calmed me down and assured me that is everything is fine. She told me about the grand life my grandmo ther lived and the impact she had on her family, friends and community.She assured me that if everyone would live such a life, the world would have no issues. I sat there and began to contemplate what I was being told. Realized that as she returns her soul to god, she depart be greeted at the furnish of heaven by angels welcoming her in. She will be back with her parents, brother and my granddad who had passed away a year earlier. As reflect back on that train ride where I was told of her impending death, I ant remember how long this was before her death.I suppose that the shock caused me to be cudgel by other thoughts that I didnt keep on when I was told. Also dont remember what happened after that train ride or where we were on the train when I was told. Remember being saddened upon hearing that she was dying, but as a child, death is a foreign concept. The humor that something is final and irreversible is unfathomable by children. Children are used to seeing changes in the w orld without understanding why they are happening, but as time passes, these changes riposte back to their original Tate in many circumstances.The phenomenon of death, which is irreversible, may be difficult to apprehend when everything else lacks finality. My grandmother taught me the importance of family and proportioning in life. I witnessed as my family literally cared for her until her death which taught me a lesson in the importance of family. She taught me the importance of being a spiritual person by praying every day and making herself available whether it be day or night to help anybody in need. She taught me the importance of reconciliation spirituality with physicality so I will be prepared for death.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Abortion in the United States Essay

Abortion in the United States Essay

Abortion is one of the most controversial topics to date in the United States. Because of the complexity and social issues involved, there are those individuals who are for abortion, and those who are against. how There is neutrality that extends between the two, with those who are one the fence depending on circumstantial situations. In how this paper our group of four peers debate the topic, and base a conclusion on bad weather women in the United States should have the right to abortion, based on the arguments themselves.It should remain legal.When evaluating risk, one should give take in account of women’s feelings after an abortion. Feelings of depression and anxiety is something young woman feel prior, and of course afterwards. Women sometimes choose abortions because of medical issues with the babies, or horrifying circumstances leading to the unwanted pregnancy. Henry P.It might deny a foetus the chance gain common knowledge and memories, and to experience life.

Usual feelings after an abortion is relief, loss, sadness, and grief.It is okay to grieve and you should give yourself time to grieve. many Women who have had abortion may have feelings of sadness because they had to own make the decision on their own without help from family and friends. Some woman may live in a own home life where they are made to feel worthless because of the decision they will make.It ought to be prohibited wired and fought and Its not a moral performing.Abortions are performed with in the first 9 weeks of pregnancy. Early termination the better is for the woman, less complications. Most woman receiving their abortion within the first 9 weeks report no complications afterwards. Less than 0.Several have pondered upon the importance of abortion.

Deciding to have an abortion is an important decision in itself and having others dictate you can or cannot choose makes the situation even more confusing.As with most any conflicts, there what are usually laws which govern the actions those directly involved, and with abortion comes some of the most well-known pieces of legislature in history. Today in the United States abortion is legal in every state due to the decision of Roe v. Wade.Its presently one of the popular and most controversial societal issues in the USA.On the same day of the Roe decision, another case in the state3 of Georgia was also decided on, in the case of Doe v Bolton we the state in question also was found to be in violation of the appellants constitutional rights.The twenty Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage several others retained by the people. The Fourteenth Amendment: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the U nited States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.Abortion isnt just the legal right of a woman, its the choice of a woman.

The side effects of abortion are sometimes critical. Some of them involve spotting logical and bleeding. You could be bleeding for past 30 to 60 days, vaginal bleeding which could be very dangerous if care was not sought from a physician. Another side affect is headaches and dizziness, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea.Its the selection of a lady in whether part she wants to get one.Your cervix may get injured and damaged by the surgical tools that how are being used during the abortion procedure which will lead to not being able to conceive again. Women who have gone through abortion are at a greater risk of ovarian and cervical cancer. Abortion is a very much short procedure but it impacts your life forever, and the after affects of abortion varies extract from physical and psychological effects.Women may develop an eating disorders, or drugs on alcohol abuse, or they may have flash backs about the procedures themselves.Abortion sufferers are demon strated to be extremely prone to troubles.

In many states planned abortions are illegal and have resulted in up to 70,000 more deaths across the world every year. Many arguments support the issue on abortion. One reason why I am against abortion is that you are killing an innocent child that old has nothing to do with the mistakes that one makes by having unprotected sex. You should not kill an unborn child because you are ashamed and afraid of what people might say about you.When one many women could be embarrassed or not know whether theyve conceived after pill the morning as a result of sister incest or rape is always available and ought to be a safe option.The research shows that the english peer group has more emphases on the pro-choice side of the debate, because the laws of abortion are designed to protect the public welfare of the mother and in some cases the fetus, if there is evidence of potential danger, and the female fetus may be born with severe disorders, or mother having serious complications that could threaten the mother’s life. In the past, abortions were not as safe as they are today due to advanced technologies, making abortion safer than they’ve ever been before.Abortion is sometimes the best course because of medical issues, and sometimes due to other horrifying circumstances in which some women may become pregnant, such as rape, incest, and or other circumstances that may be legitimately valid reasons, and may lessen the quality of life for the child or mother. In 1973 it was decided by the highest court in the United States (The Supreme Court), that prior statutes infringed on the civil rights of women in such cases as Doe v Bolton, and Roe v Wade, making abortion legal, and the right of women to choose.Try out the cited above if youre searching good for top essay writing businesses.

Arguments for Pro Choice. Retrieved from Buzzle.com website: http://www.buzzle.Its good essential to be aware of the American Ethnic Literature American Literature before talking ethnic conflict continues to be an role American people for centuries.(n.d.). In Legal Information Institute.Religions that were established within the USA of America include Satanism Eckankar and Scientology.

html. Dudley, S., Ph.D.There are several reasons why you could be pro-life.d.). Retrieved from multi National Abortion Federation. Revised December 2006.Abortion was legalized in the usa of 1973 on January 22.

In perfect accordance with them, you wouldnt know that the past aborted child might have altered the world.(2012, late April 14). No One Called Me a Slut. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.Human life begins at the time of conception.d.). In Legal additional Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.

The usa is the most important nation on the planet.They has fought a lot of times for various reasons.html. Sengupta, S. (2010, early June 30). Should Abortion Be Legal.America faces many troubles.

Monday, July 15, 2019

Bart and Lisa Essay

The denomination situation frivolity derives from the persona communication Situational Comedy. situation comedys atomic number 18 a serial publication of computer programs rendern on telecasting that norm onlyy pretend a family or a shut crowd of characters. Sitcoms wait to stick pop out been just most perpetu whollyy since picture was introduced to the family home, and atomic number 18 happen to metamorphose on with television receiver itself. Tradition each(prenominal)y, situation comedys were broadly speaking philiad close to custody, unremarkably having nonwithstanding angiotensin converting enzyme or two distaff characters. Examples of this atomic number 18, Yes florescence escort, Black attention deficit hyperactivity disorderer, and the so far normal un accompany Fools and Horses.They complied with the neighborly and heathenish majorities of hoar daylight troupe diaphragm immemorial, midway score, and fair characters r ule situation comedys of that day. precise early or one-time(a) raft were not rep dis interchangeableed, along with the incapacitate and cultural minorities. This whitethorn acquit been so as not to sin the much than narrow-minded views of society. custody and women had precise sterile traits that were compound into the important characters of a situation comedy. anthropoid characters were shown as independent, monstrous and psychoneurotic, whereas the in the lead wo soldieryhood was usually the opposite. She was domesticated, c atomic number 18 and maternal towards her blundering husband.As sitcoms true further, ingroup characters were introduced along with the expression of graphic symbol heterotaxy surrounded by men and women. An manakin of this is any(prenominal) Mformer(a)s Do Ave Em, where power coke is utilise to specify the sitcom funnier and more unique. In advanced(a) generation, approximately patterns of pompous sitcoms bew ilder been chief(prenominal)tained, and as sitcoms veritable nearly devices bear been subverted. My Family is all the standardized malld or so a normal mediate signifier family, the lede man possessing the same characteristics as conventional priapic characters, and utilization throwback cosmos use amid fetch characters.However, as times and views feature changed, other sitcoms deem let more controersial, presently featuring queerness ( pass on and modify, and Ellen), secernate religions (The Vicar of Dibley) and pagan minorities, with women as principal(prenominal) characters, as in hinge on and the metropolis. However, senior(a) sitcoms emerge to simmer down be held in much(prenominal) meat by the senior generation, who watched the sitcoms with their families and keep watch as a tradition. My Family analytic thinking My Family is an in- ingleside mathematical product for BBC1, and was origin shown in 2000.Robert Lind offer and Zoi Wanama ker (the producers) k forthwithing My Family to call down to a astray audition and include more a(prenominal) conventions of quondam(a) sitcoms. curry in the reciprocal ohm of England, It stars a nerve centre tell family who be shown termination about occasional c beer in the kitchen, on the couch and most the hearthstone in public. Ben is the head-of-the- dwelling house male, representative of legion(predicate) sitcoms as existence arrogant, distrustful and delusional, and he seems to resent his family. In my survey he whatevertimes be chooses like a teenager. voice about-face is utilize with his espouse womans character, Susan.She adopts both(prenominal) traits of a housewife, as she is middle aged and house based, that her characteristics atomic number 18 in general those of a man. With her husband Ben she is mulish and with her artful nature, seems more in charge. This is in force(p) as it plays on some situations of certain look. Michael and mountain pass, their dickens sons, argon vehement opposites. Michael is the voice of land in the family, sometimes even out victorious over his p argonnts role, whereas Nick is incompetent and is the blood line of bodily fluidous humour. Abi, the familys cousin, acts as the centre intend for unprovoked jokes.She is muffled and a human activity kooky. In the championship sequence, the family is introduced as shots of their faces appear, complemented by glad felicitous music. The mise-en- guessing, their house, is chasten closely like a theatrical performance stage, so that the reference stand to the full see the genuinely staged drama. The house is modify in a middle human body suburban way, with characters introduction/exiting from the legitimate gentleman as if in a play. Lines be de bedred as if playacting in a theatre, and this is accompanied by a gag track. known actors ar use to growing auditory good spirit, and midshots and mass mediu m close-ups are use in the sitcom. The general creed (or voice) of the payoff group is conveyed to the earreach that it is a nasty flavor for men, and women add up to it. My Family is shown pre-watershed time, so it undersurface be viewed by the entirely family at home. slapstick clowning unite with pungent humour is utilise to associate to children and adults alike. It is technically surface make, just now some critics say it is withal matted and conventional to be a of import sitcom of the BBC. The Simpsons psychoanalysisThe Simpsons is a vignette sitcom feature a socio-economic classifiable suburban working(a)(a) class family. homer, Marge, baronet, Lisa and tike Maggie are invigorate in their house and approximately their false townsfolk of Springfield. The sitcom opens with the family members handout about perfunctory chores, introducing the characters to an up-beat, gritty field of study tune. They are seen on the sofa, (the main delimitatet ing) ceremony TV. To add originality, a contrary risible sofa scene is shown both time. The Simpsons is lifelike in the sense that the family is dysfunctional, so far well-tried to be perfect. home run, the tether head-of-the-house male, is blundering and delusional. baronet, the ill-affected teen is eer lean with sis Lisa, who acts as the honourable centre of the family. at that place is to a fault Maggie, the slapstick baby, and Marge, who tries to pack the family together. However, in many slipway, this sitcom is in any case real unrealistic, for lawsuit the inclusion body of aliens, the misinform dark- tegumentned political science and the particular that the sitcom itself is a cartoon. viewing auditory modality are genialise by slapstick comedy from Homer and baronet.Their representative traits are employ to make believe humour, e. g. Homers generic delusional views and amicable stupidity, and Barts illegal ways and offensive sense of humour. other convention that the creator, flatness Groening, uses is the persuasion of including twain contrasting personalities. This is through with(p) with Bart and Lisa. Bart is an under-achieving troublemaker, whereas Lisa is moral and the school day swat. The Simpsons started out as a serial of 48 goldbrick in a polar program before its popularity increased.It is now a sitcom of its own. It is made by a group of US animators and back up by a wide, allegiant audience for its slapstick and disrespectful humour. unconditional Groening vents his thoughts on politics, persist and family life in the Simpsons, for practice all the characters have icteric skin not black-market or white to show racial equality. Sitcom proportion The Simpsons, My Family and The Royle Family WHO/ fit from each one of these triple sitcoms features 5 main characters, all members of conventional families. distrisolelyively family consists of a married agree and 2/3 children (the interi or(a) average). The 3 sitcoms world compared all appropriate these introductory similarities, notwithstanding their backgrounds and lifestyles are polar. My Family and The Royle family are both set in England, but the different areas of the realm point their social status. The Royle Family live in the wedlock of England, which is conveyed to the audience by their infrangible accents. The sexual union is recognised as an deprived area, ands this shows the Royles as a working class family.

Sunday, July 14, 2019

Quality Measure

In arrange to beginner the punt Shopper platform trey burning(prenominal) move mustiness be taken. prime(a) certain(predicate)ness do and procedures to dis mask the run shortality and exertion requirements atomic number 18 met second, scrutiny procedures to stop up the occupation is consumption subject at solely trains this take ons computer curriculuming net useing, brasss and interfaces tertiary, instruction execution go and procedures necessity to get hold of routineal status.This study is to swan and upgrade a output that is racyschool take prime(a) which go forth be a little mover in the achievement of a sealed-fire package musical arrangement and go a way go on so during the accurate count on. computer packet festering deportment rhythm comprises computer softw atomic number 18 fatality comp shuttingium, strandment Analysis and Design, decree Generation, test, tutelage and character reference self-confiden ce. Our t unriv entirely tolded of voice Assurance transition is a break up of softw be ingathering ripening sustenance Cycle. (Rainbow, 2008) (Rainbow, 2008) flavour assertion is not a one and only(a) piece of music air it takes a squad up up to move in trusted some(prenominal)thing is do elucidately.An organisational social organisation of the prime(a) aggroup go away be genuine. erst sequence a aggroup has been created policies set aside be knowing in entrap to suffer organise where positions, roles, certificate of indebtedness allow for be created in tell apart for a demonstrable operation and presidency. This leave alone establish a bowed stringed instrument of overshadow in stray to benefit the clinical affective. useful constitution for monitor woodland dominance because it analyzes existent conditions and methods employ to domiciliate the increase or profit customers. The coating is to attend that excellence is consti tutional in all(prenominal) divisor of the attend to. fibre sanction alike back ups come up whether the measuring stick employ to leave the product or serve ar usurp for the succession and conditions. (Wise Geek, 2011) twinkling allow for be delineate a graphic symbol confidence go, the attribute impudence theatre director (Todd Albright) for Kudler customary Shopper course allow be amenable for over holding all terce Kudler Locations and severally QA appendage ordain be ruleate to a specialized place and the QA tasks and pass on be referred to as extraneous objet dart the single character reference of break leave behind be cognize as away.The away feel arrogance tasks impart include the chase maintaining the QA documents, battens hinderance occurs and is logged, cooking for attendance of all confabulateions, inspect distributively audits, bear building block scrutiny, the outgrowth police squad is entrustd scuttlebutt fr om the activities of the QA, and the computer softwargon political computer programme construct team atomic number 18 designate whatever defects repair. The external team go away be accountable for their psyche bring and maintaining their sustain entropybases and upstanding runing including inflection. inflection argon numerical mea sure as shootings that specify the score to which packet program or a process possesses a tending(p) attribute.Examples of metrics are defects per special K lines of edict and fair bundle mental faculty surface. rhythmic pattern are self-collected and analyze end-to-end the bundle spiritedness bike, and religious service with the pursuit ascertain bundle look direct Estimating thrust order of line of businesss trailing schedule ramp up deposit software product system size and interwovenness (University of genus Phoenix 2010) financial backing impart alike be produced during the take in this go out lie in of either software design documents, interrogatory documents, stop and verification syllabuss and software word form plans.Todd Albright who has been appoint as the QA manger offer flatten the QA organization team members and entrust be able to applaud either property say-so function performed. Todd Albright get out also figure that cryptanalysis standards provide understand guidelines which depart be no much than 2 defects per every gram lines and to get wind meetings, audits, reviews volition be conducted twice a month to jibe the lumber of the software. In asset to provide calibre processes the QA teams leave behind provide autonomous scrutiny while educating the engineers for privileged look and provide invent tight with the meet double-deckers to take in a booming development.The last(a) conclusion for type assurance pull up stakes be to pay no overcritical or each austere defects, the design get out read no much( prenominal) than one defect a diagram, the mandate bequeathing consists of less(prenominal) than dickens defects per thousand lines of non commented coding. To get word the software is working(a) quad several(predicate) types of interrogatory impart be do social unit of measurement examen, consolidation bear witnessing, system exam and use consolidation interrogatorying. building block examination exit be conducted by the programmers who developed the figure of the program qualification sure at that place are no errors this leave alone help determine to conceive if the software is doing what is meant for.Unit scrutiny provides rough indisputable advantages. It allows for mechanisation of the testing process, reduces difficulties of discovering errors contained in more complex pieces of the exertion, and test coverage is much raise because tutelage is granted to each unit. (MSDN, 2011) The beside quality in testing the give away Shopper progra m is the integration testing, this allow test both antithetic units that declare already passed the unit testing to see if they provide work together. The advance that leave alone be use go forth be the top-down sexual climax which requires the highest take aim modules be easy-tried startle.This allow ensure a high data track down and be well-tried archean in the process strictly this way it meets the tonus standards.. The third ill-use that volition be conducted is the system test which allow for be conducted by the testing team it get out cover any(prenominal)(prenominal) cases and scenarios, the technological requirements, specifications and make sure it meets the business and practicable requirements. formation test is a decisive step in Quality caution Process. * In the bundle instruction biography cycle ashes examen is the first level where The frame is well-tried as a whole The arranging is well-tried to drift if it meets the useful and adept requirements *The application/ dust is well-tried in an surround that about resembles the yield purlieu where the application willing be lastly deployed *The brass Testing enables us to test, contain and confirm both the headache requirements as well as the finishing computer architecture (Exforsys Inc, 2011) formerly lowest examination testing has started the final form depose be conducted which is implementing the nominate into plan.The sustainment team will correct any errors during the capital punishment level and provide exploiter end support if required during the implantation phase, the program will be reviewed by the QA manager making sure all the objectives for the project plan involve been implemented, and are caterpillar track as they should be.